Heather Archer Avian Populations in Parks Surrounded by Different Degrees of Urbanization.

As the world becomes increasingly urbanized, it is vital to determine how these changes in landscape affect wildlife. This study looks at what factors significantly influence avian populations in urban and suburban parks. Research was done during the summer and early fall of 2005. Point counts were taken in four parks, two urban and two suburban. Relationships in abundance and species diversity were determined. Also, correlations between the bird populations and variables such as vegetation (type of vegetations and tree size), park size (area, and area relative to parameter), and human disturbance were observed. This study provides information on possible factors that help bird species adapt to urban environments.

Christine Benedix A Comparison of ELISA and Multiplex Bead Array Assays .

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) have traditionally been used to quantify cytokines and chemokines, commonly known as analytes. In an ELISA, a “capture” antibody is bound to the bottom of a well plate. The analyte to be identified binds to the capture antibody and then a “detection” antibody binds to the analyte, allowing for quantification of the analyte. These analytes can be used to identify diseases such as HIV, and genetic factors including a predisposition certain cancers. ELISAs are an extremely sensitive and useful tool, but have one disadvantage: they are only able to quantify one analyte per assay. In the mid-1990s, a new type of ELISA was introduced called the multiplex bead array assay. Using the same principles as a traditional ELISA, the multiplex bead array assay can measure up to 100 different analytes per assay from one sample. This review will determine whether multiplex bead array assays are as sensitive and quantitative as traditional ELISAs.

Danielle Bolenbaugh The Effects of Phenolphthalein on Sister Chromatid Exchange in Leukocytes.

Phenolphthalein was an ingredient in over-the-counter laxatives but was recently removed from store shelves because it has been implicated as a mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic agent. The purpose of this research is to determine the level of mutagenicity of phenolphthalein in a human cell culture system and to better evaluate its’ potential to cause human colon cancer. To asses the effects on human cells the Sister Chromatid Exchange technique will be used on phenolphthalein treated white blood cell cultures. Sister Chromatid Exchanges occur as a result of random reattachment of the two unlinked polynucleotide strands of sister chromatids following a post replication repair of a point mutation. The number of sister chromatid exchanges, however, is only a relative measure of the mutagentic activity of phenolphthalein.

Lindsey Chapman Effects of Paclitaxel on Sister Chromatid Exchange in Leukocytes.

I want to know the effect of Paclitaxel on human cancer cells of the breast. This study will be useful in that it will further the study on this drug in hopes to further the study in cancer treatment. I am conducting a sister chromatid exchange technique to determine the mutagenic affect of Paclitaxel on cells. My goal is to determine if Paclitaxel has its effect on killing actively and dividing the cancer cells through DNA damage. If it is causing mutations, then I need to figure out what type of damage is being caused. I’m assessing this with micronuclei, bridges, and sister chromatid exchanges, each representing different types of DNA damage. Increases in these types of damage, when compared to the control cultures, will tell me if Paclitaxel is functioning properly.

Bethany J DeKoning Premature Birth and Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Review of Prenatal Corticosteroids and Postnatal Surfactant.

The premature or early transition from the uterus to extra-uterine life is often a surprise and one in which the infant is not yet prepared, especially in terms of lung development. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (nRDS) is a disease that is most commonly seen in infants that are born early and in infants of very low birth weight. Between 50,000 and 60,000 premature babies are affected by neonatal respiratory distress syndrome each year in the United States (Notter 2000). Two different preventative treatments, prenatal corticosteroids and postnatal surfactant, have been studied in depth since the 1970’s and continue to be the treatments of choice for physicians in the 21st century. This paper will review prenatal corticosteroids and postnatal surfactant and provide a discussion in which the positives and negatives of each treatment will be explored. The two preventative measures will be put into a broader context as well with discussion on how the treatments affect other symptoms of prematurity that usually appear in collaboration with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

Joey Erickson The Benefits and Disadvantages of treating patients who have Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder with a Stimulant Called Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Compared to Non-stimulant Forms of Treatments.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects 3-7 % of school-aged children often resulting in the inability to control their hyperactivity and concentration in the classroom and at home. Methylphenidate (MPH), a stimulant commonly known as Ritalin, is widely used as a prescribed treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methylphenidate is known to increase the relatively low synaptic concentration of dopamine in patients with ADHD by connecting to the dopamine receptors and blocking dopamine from those receptors. Therefore, increased concentration of the neurotransmitter (dopamine) in the synaptic cleft will result in normal neurological functioning as well as behavioral functioning in everyday activities. The use of stimulant treatments has positively shown to successfully treat ADHD. However, numerous negative side-effects connected with treating ADHD with stimulants have opened the door to finding other possible non-stimulant treatments that do not give negative side-effects. In this review I will compare and contrast the benefits and disadvantages of the treating ADHD with methylphenidate (a common stimulant treatment), to neurofeedback (a modern non-stimulant treatment). This review will determine which treatment provides the most significant results with the least negative side-effects.

Melinda Hallstrom Measurements of Blood Loss in Three Types of Prostate Surgeries: An Investigation of Surgical Invasiveness.

Prostate cancer, the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, affects over two-hundred thousand men each year. Traditional treatment involves a radical prostatectomy, or the surgical removal of the prostate and surrounding tissue. Because of the complications associated with open radical surgery, surgeons have developed minimally invasive procedures to reduce blood loss through the use of laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery. While laparoscopic surgery involves tiny incisions in the abdomen for insertion of the laparoscopic, the da Vinci Surgical System allows for the surgeon’s hand movements to be precisely imitated through the use of robotic technology. By limiting the amount of intraoperative blood loss, minimally invasive techniques attempt to maintain the body’s homeostatic blood pressure and volume. Benefits of decreased blood loss may include: reduction of pain, reduced occurrence of postoperative complications, reduction of hospital recovery, and improved continence and sexual function. Consequently, the degree of surgical invasiveness in prostate surgeries considerably impacts intraoperative and postoperative patient outcomes.

Nellie Hangge The Effects of Neurotensin on the Smooth Muscle of the Isolated Mouse Uterus. Is Neurotensin Oxytocic or Tocolytic?

Research has shown neurotensin (NT), a biologically active peptide, to produce various effects in mammalian smooth muscle tissue. NT inhibits rat intestine yet stimulates guinea pig colon. This study investigated if NT would have an effect on smooth muscle tissues of the isolated mouse uterus. Oxytocin was used as a positive control for uterine contraction. Uterine horns that were suspended in the smooth muscle bath and subjected to higher doses of NT (10-7-10-6M) increased contractile frequency. Oxytocin caused an increase in strength of contraction at these same doses. These results suggest that NT may play a role in uterine contraction and possibly the birth process.

Merilee Hermerding Monitoring the effects of wetland draw-down on autumn bird communities and vegetative diversity and productivity on Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge.

The purpose of this research was to help the Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge discover whether changing the water level of the School House Pool (one of the Refuges’ wetlands) early in the growing season results in greater species richness and seed production of vegetation. Further, the purpose was to observe what effect the wetland draw-down has on migrating bird abundance and use of the pool following the draw-down. I specifically looked at one pool, the School House Pool, and researched at four different sites around it. I took vegetative samples from 10 separate areas at each of the four different sites. Along with vegetative sampling, I went to the refuge at sunrise and counted the different types and total number of the birds using the pool. I did this over a few months’ time to gather information about the birds and when they migrated through. This was done to give Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge an idea of how high they should allow the water to rise in this pool in order to regulate the types of vegetation that grow and to regulate the birds using the pool.

Nathan Johnson Toxic and Mutagenic Effects of Arnica on Bacteria, Fungi & Human Lymphocyte Cultures.

Arnica (Arnica Montana) is an herb of the composite family, that grows in the Rocky Mountains. It has been part of Native American herbal medicine for years as a topical treatment for muscle soreness, as an antibacterial mouthwash and application to wounds. It has also been used as a cardio-stimulant, and part of modern homeopathic treatments of muscle ache. It has been reported to have some characteristics and potential as a chemotherapeutic agent. Taken internally, it can cause a serious drop in blood pressure, increase in heart rate and can cause significant liver and kidney damage which can cause death in under an hour. (Gruenwald, et. Al. 1998). Its active ingredients for pain relief are sesquiterpene lactones which reduce inflammation. The most notable lactone is helenalin and its ethers.
The purpose of this investigation is to test the toxic effects of Arnica on gram – and + bacteria (Saracia marcescens, and Seracinia Lutea) and on representative fungi (asperigillus, and rhizopus). We also tested the genotoxic effect of Arnica on cultured human lymphocytes using the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) technique as well as counts of micronuclei, and bridges as measures of DNA damage. Preliminary results indicate that Arnica does possess antibacterial properties as well as antifungal effects. It also appears that there is significant increase in SCE, micronuclei, and DNA bridge formation in lymphocytes treated with Arnica, as well as decreased mitotic index.

Sarah C. Johnson Second- versus Third-Generation Oral Contraceptives: Safety, Efficacy, Morality and the Right Choice for Women.

Oral contraceptives are the most common form of birth control in the United States. However, with numerous formulations many women have difficulty choosing one that is right for them. Desirable characteristics of any form of contraception would include safety, efficacy, ease of use, minimal to no side effects, and a morally clear conscience. This review compares second- and third-generation oral contraceptives based on their safety and efficacy. Both types contain ethinyl estradiol as the estrogen component; however, they differ in their progestin component. Second-generation oral contraceptives contain either levonorgestrel or norgestrel while the newer third-generation oral contraceptives contain desogestrel, gestodene, or norgestimate. Specific side effects discussed include vascular diseases (myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism, peripheral arterial disease, and hyperlipidemia), cancer (breast, ovarian, endometrial, and cervical) as well as those that affect quality of life (acne, weight gain, headaches, and break-through bleeding). A brief discussion is also included regarding the moral issues surrounding oral contraception and other forms of birth control. It is the goal of this review to assist pro-life and pro-family women in choosing a form of contraception that is best for them physically, spiritually, and emotionally.

Scott Kronholm Use of Cornmeal for Algae Remediation in Urban Lakes.

In nature, algae levels in lakes and streams are usually found in relatively low numbers due to limiting factors such as nutrient availability. Due to the use of products such as lawn care and industrial fertilizers, which contain high amounts of nitrates and phosphates, there can sometimes be a surplus of the normally limiting nutrients.
Algae blooms (large growths of algae) are typically found in metro area lakes and streams due to high nutrient levels. Not only are blooms unpleasant to look at, smell, or swim around they can be toxic as well. Certain genera of algae produce toxins which, if in high enough quantity, can make those who drink the water ill and have been known to be fatal in some cases. It has been shown that the use of cornmeal is an effective and relatively inexpensive way to reduce numbers of certain genera of algae. In this research I used four genera: Anabaena, Oscillatoria, Pediastrum, and Spyrogyra. The process by which cornmeal reduces algae growth is not currently well understood, however some theories are currently being tested. This research deals with the application of cornmeal rather than the process by which cornmeal effects algae.

Taylor Mertz A Comparative Review of Metacarpophalangeal Arthroplasty in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects an estimated 2.1 million Americans. It attacks the joints causing pain, swelling, and damage which can lead to dysfunction and deformity. This disorder can inflict destruction on all joints of the body, but the wrists and hands are the most commonly affected areas. No cure has been found, and treatment options, such as medication for pain relief and inflammation reduction, personal exercise and management, and surgery, are used to increase the quality of life. Arthroplasty has become increasingly popular, and various replacement options for the metacarpophalangeal joint have been developed. The major difference between these implants is the material used, such as silicone, pyrolytic carbon, or polyethylene. This literature review will summarize and analyze the most common metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasties, including Swanson, Avanta, and Ascension, and will try to determine which type is most successful and beneficial for patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Galen Nelson An Investigation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 signaling using
Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer.

VEGF is a small signal protein that binds to cell surface receptors inducing signal transduction leading to angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels from those already existing. The goal of this study is to show that a VEGF receptor, VEGFR2, can be forced to dimerize and that the degree of dimerization can be quantified by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), a phenomenon by which energy is transferred from luciferase to GFP if the molecules are within very close proximity. Fusion constructs for proteins containing an inducible dimerizing region, the cytoplasmic signaling region of VEGFR2, and either GFP or Renilla luciferase were cloned. These constructs were then transfected into HEK293T cells. A dimerizer molecule called AP187 was added to induce dimerization and coelenterazine, the substrate of luciferase, was added to induce BRET. A microplate reader was used to measure BRET, indicating whether of not dimerization had occurred. The goal of the large experiment of which this is a part is to create a system by which anti-angiogenic drugs can be tested for specificity to VEGFR2.

Nichole Petter Potential of adverse mood altering affects of SSRIs .

In recent years, the prevalence of antidepressant prescription medications, specifically selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), for children and adolescents suffering from depression has increased dramatically. On March 22, 2004 the U.S. Food and Drug Association (FDA), issued a public health advisory, warning that children and adolescents using SSRIs were at an increased risk for suicide and suicidal ideation. Recently, the FDA advised drug manufacturers to place a black-box warning on all antidepressants sold to children and adolescents. The association between SSRIs and suicidality has been under investigation since the early 1990’s; however, researchers have yet to agree as to whether there is a direct link between SSRIs and increased risk of sucidality and suicidal ideation. Since there is documented significant use of antidepressants, especially in the adolescent poplulation, further investigation to determine the relationship is crucial. The purpose of this review is to determine if there is a documented correlation of evidence between suicide or suicidal ideation and SSRIs and further, and if there are characteristics which make some individuals more susceptible to suicidal ideation with these medications.

Stephen Ruether The Effects of Tributyltin (TBT), a Common Component in Antifouling Paint, on Marine Invertebrates and Coral Reef Systems.

Organotins such as Tributyltin (TBT) are toxic compounds that have been and are continually being used as a component in antifouling paints. Antifouling paints are used to prevent drag-inducing barnacles and other fouling growths on marine vessels. Studies show TBT’s greatest concentrations and impacts are generally located in harbors or close to slipways which often surround coral reef systems. TBT’s negative impacts include; imposex in gastropods, inhibition of coral fertilization, larval survival and settlement, and bleaching and mortality in adult corals. Although the use of TBT as a biocide has been banned in many parts of the world, many industrial, shipping, and government vessels remain exempt. Invertebrate friendly alternatives, such as self-polishing copolymer paints, and “No Foul-ZDF” (solvent-based) and “No Foul WB” (water-based) paints which utilize a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) film, are slowly appearing. These alternatives along with a world-wide ban of Tributyltin Free Association Paints would be a giant step in reversing coral bleaching, and other problems facing invertebrates.

Rachel Spike Effects of Prescribed Burning on Avian Use of Restored Prairie.

Periodic fire has long been recognized as a key component of the North American grassland ecosystem. The importance of fire in suppressing woody growth is well documented and its use to control invasive species is a commonly practiced management tool. During the summers of 2003-2005, data was gathered for the purpose of documenting the impacts of a controlled burn on songbird populations utilizing a 21 acre restored prairie. Data collected during 2003 and 2005 comprise non-burn years and provided the opportunity to monitor the avian populations one year pre- and post-burn. The most prominent species were the Clay-colored Sparrow (Spizella pallida), Sedge Wren (Cistothorus plantensis), and Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia). Fewer foraging adults birds (x¯ = 21.67, SD = 4.76) and only two nests were observed during the burn year, while many more adults (x¯ = 52.14, SD =3.17) and 26 and 34 nests were located during the non-burn years of 2003 and 2005, respectively. This study suggests that bird populations can quickly recover from small scale periodic fires and nearby refugia may aid in this recovery.

Justin Swart The Effects of Prescribed Burns on Insect Diversity, Abundance, and Species Composition in a Restored Prairie.

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of prescribed burning on insect diversity, abundance, and composition in a twenty-one acre restored prairie in western Wisconsin. The experimental site was divided into low diversity vegetation, high diversity vegetation, and old field vegetation plots. Data collected from 2003 and 2005 allowed for the opportunity to monitor insect populations one year pre-burn and one year post-burn. Conventional sweep netting was used to determine insect diversity, abundance, and species composition. Results show that insect diversity is not affected by a prescribed burn despite its affect on vegetation. However, combined insect abundance declined in the low diversity and high diversity plots following the burn. Specifically, results demonstrate that there was a significant decrease in the abundance of Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Homoptera in the low diversity fields as well as declines in Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera in the high diversity plots. On the whole, this study suggests that prescribed burns were not found to have an impact on insect diversity but did have an immediate, short-term effect upon abundance and species composition. Still, results indicate that insect populations can recover quickly from periodic fires and become reestablished within one year.

Jennifer Thorson Small Mammal Vegetation Preference in Restored Prairie.

One of the difficulties in restoring damaged habitats is knowing what made up the original habitat and what components would most benefit the organisms in the habitat. In prairie restoration it is important to carefully determine what vegetation types would be optimal for the land, the vegetation and the animals in the habitat. This study examines four different types of vegetation on old farmland that has been converted to restored prairie and the small mammals that utilize the restored prairie. The four vegetation types are old field vegetation, low diversity warm season grasses, high diversity sixth year plantings and high diversity seventh year plantings. The study also looks at the effects of burning. The small mammals were trapped, marked and released. Meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus), meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius) and White-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) were most abundant in the fields. The study analyzes small mammal abundance and usage of the different field types and the effects of burning on the small mammal populations. Zapus hudsonius shows preference for burn and low diversity warm season grasses while P. maniculatus shows a preference for nonburn and cool season grasses.

Emily Whitmore Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus: an overview of traditional treatments compared to complementary treatments.

HIV/AIDS is an epidemic having far reaching effects. Currently there are 900,000 people living with HIV/AIDS in the United States of America, and 40,000,000 people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide. The devastating effects of this disease are unlike any other. This literature review will include a systematic overview of the disease HIV/AIDS and the life cycle of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It will also compare traditional and complementary treatments proposed in the literature. It will assess the value of multiple herbal treatments including plant-derived leading compounds with traditional methods of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). This review will conclude with the overall effectiveness of complementary treatments and traditional treatments on HIV/AIDS.